Showing posts with label danglers. Show all posts
Showing posts with label danglers. Show all posts

Monday, April 25, 2022

Correctly Placing Misplaced Modifiers

 Alas, I constantly edit, even when I'm not being paid for it, the author didn't ask for it, and I can't actually share it. It's just a compulsion that happens as I read, especially news stories that have presumably already been edited. 

And heck, why not share the compulsion here? Maybe someone will learn from it. I do 'revision sessions' sometimes with students, just editing on-screen and explaining as I go, and this misplaced modifier problem is one of the most common and also one of the most easily fixed mistakes.

In a sentence, a "modifier" is a word or phrase or clause which "modifies" or deepens or narrows the meaning of another part of the sentence. The most common modifiers are the one-word adjectives and adverbs which add to the meaning of a noun or verb, like: The girl's outfit proudly proclaimed her Ukrainian heritage.

But often the modifier can be an entire phrase: 

  • The play took place in the old Gem Theater
  • He was waiting for the bus to come
  • The morning before the party, the dog got sick.

Or the modifier can be an entire clause (with a noun and verb):
  • He didn't notice the shocked silence that fell across the room when he wrote his name on the board.
  • The more you remember, the more you have to forget.
  • --


Some modifiers are "bound"-- that is, they have to be in a particular position, like just before the noun they modify. You know-- The pink dress. (Not --  The dress pink.) These "bound" modifiers are usually single words or short phrases that modify a noun (that is, they are "adjectival," which means "modifies the noun" :). 

Usually, however, modifiers are unbound, especially the phrase and clause ones, and therein lies the problem. An unbound modifier can "legally" be moved around to different parts of the sentence, but what's possible isn't always what you mean. Sometimes being too free-range with modifiers creates the horrific crime of a dangler, where impossible and sometimes painful things happen:

One day she hunted for a moose wearing diamond earrings.

Decisively blocking the knife, her eyes narrowed with purpose.

Ouch.


I have a lot of examples of this kind of mistake, but just for now, let's fix an easy one, adapted from a sentence in a major mag article:

She admitted her enjoyment of the bullying on Facebook last year. 

Many misplaced phrases have to do with time or place-- the "where and when" of the sentence. I see this most often when there are more than one actions in the sentence, as here:

She /admitted /her enjoyment /of the bullying. (Ignore the "on Facebook" and "last year" for a moment so we can focus on the kernel sentence.)

Subject/Verb/direct object/prepositional adjectival phrase.

We usually think of action as being represented by the sentence verb (here, admitted), but actions can also be shown in nouns (participation, bullying). So here there are three actions, all of which took place but perhaps not all at once. 

Actions take place somewhere sometime, and "somewhere sometime" are often important "condition markers" to add to a sentence. (I mean, these words and phrases mark an important condition that changes or specifies something about HOW the action happens.)

But while the position of where/when modifiers might be moveable, the reality isn't: SOMETHING happened last year. SOMETHING happened on Facebook. 

Options:

1. The admission.

She admitted last year...

And/or-

She admitted on Facebook...

2. Her enjoyment.

...  her enjoyment on Facebook...

and/or-

...  her enjoyment last year...

3. The bullying.

...of the bullying on Facebook.

and/or-

...of the bullying last year.


(I know it's not a great sentence because I modified it to protect the guilty. :)

Because the author placed the where/when modifiers at the end of the sentence, right after "bullying", readers will be forced to assume that the bullying took place last year on Facebook. And that might be exactly what happened (although it's not in this case).

But... what if that's not right? What if the bullying took place last year at school, and she enjoyed viewing a video about it last week, and is only admitting it on Facebook?

What happened on Facebook?

What happened last year?

(Some of this info might have been revealed in previous sentences, though not in this case. And still, that's no excuse for imprecision in this sentence. When all it takes is a moment to get it right, make it right. :)

What's a revision which makes those very clear so that the readers won't be confused about what happened when and where?

On Facebook, she admitted her enjoyment of the bullying last year.

or

She admitted on Facebook her enjoyment of the bullying last year.

Sometimes it helps to "bind" a modifier to the modified word so that there's absolutely no question--

She admitted on Facebook her enjoyment of last year's bullying.

==

This is just one sentence and one set of facts, and one point of misplacement. Though I will try, there's no way to identify every possible opportunity for imprecision. 

There are as many options as there are possible permutations of actions and actors and conditions in any sentence. But ONLY ONE IS CORRECT. This isn't about delicate subtext or deliberate ambiguity or debated issues. This is just about placing factual information in the correct place in the sentence. You can get it right as easily as you can get it wrong. But you have to recognize when it's wrong, and then make it right.

Anyhoo, point is: Be sensitive to the meaning you create when you put a modifier somewhere in the sentence. Stop and think about the various interpretations the readers might make of this placement, and whether moving the modifier might make more sense. Time and/or place modifiers are especially tricky.

So if I mean the ADMISSION, not the enjoyment or the bullying, took place on Facebook, I have two easy options (the first being optimal). While we're at it, let's make clear it was the bullying and not the admission that took place last year.

On Facebook, she admitted her enjoyment in the bullying last year.

She admitted on Facebook her enjoyment in last year's bullying.

I have a bunch more examples that I'll post and fix in the future. Usually in order not to shame the writers and editors (who, grumble grumble, should know better), I'll change the words and keep the construction.

This is what passes for giggly gossip in my life. :)

A blast from the past-

The columnist James Kilpatrick used to devote his first column of the year to the many ways you can place and misplace the word "only" as a modifier in a sentence, and used this example to show the difference in meaning:

  1. Only John hit Peter in the nose.
  2. John hit only Peter in the nose.
  3. John hit Peter only in the nose.
  4. John only hit Peter in the nose.

(Wouldn't you say "ON the nose"? I would. I'm not sure how deep I would want to hit IN the nose.)

"Almost" and "already" and "just" are other common modifiers that can be moved almost anywhere, but each placement means something different.



Here is a nice British professor who does a great job of showing how to determine what a modifier modifies and how it works in a sentence. 

You can find some good examples of misplaced modifiers at this Guelph University site. 



Wednesday, July 18, 2012

Sneaky danglers

Apologies for the grotesque nature of this example. I was too appalled to find such an error in a major newspaper to realize how offensive the subject matter was--
The body was found beneath a pile of bedsheets in an advanced state of decay, the court heard, inside a bedroom full of house flies that had also been sealed with tape.

What was sealed with tape? The house flies? No. The bedroom!

Dangling modifiers can be sneaky. Here's one that is a whole clause (that had been....) which has been misplaced. Relative clauses (that/which and verb-- relative clauses are adjectival usually, that is, they explain or amplify a noun) are easily misplaced. They should be adjacent to the noun they modify, and not adjacent to any other noun. 

I think we need to train ourselves to "listen" for mistakes like this.
I'm not sure how to fix that sentence. How would you revise it to get rid of that dangler?

Alicia

Thursday, November 17, 2011

Sneaky dangling participle

I'm scouting nearby rental houses for a friend, and in an email to her about one house, I -almost- committed a dangler:
I just saw the sign driving by, so all I know is the house is for rent by owner.

Before I finished the "-ing," I felt something was wrong. And I immediately backspaced and made it:
I just saw the sign as I was driving by, so all I know is the house is for rent by owner.

Constant vigilance is the price of freedom... from danglers.

Anyone else "almost dangle" lately? Some of them are sneaky little buggers.
Alicia

Saturday, June 11, 2011

Another minor sentence edit

I'm writing The World's Most Boring Paper, that is, a paper formatted perfectly to fit APA guidelines. I mean, I have a Table of Contents, and then a section of the paper explaining how to format the table of contents.  No, I don't think any student is actually going to read this all the way through, but this is the sort of thing I get paid for. :)

Anyway, I wrote this sentence, and yes, it's boring, but that's not why I'm copying it here.  It's a good example of a "misplaced modifier."  See if you can tell what I mean.
  
Don't forget documentation of the works cited on the final page.


The modifier is that prepositional phrase in bold above. Positioned there at the end, it sounds like documentation is only required for those works cited on the last page (that is, not all the way through the paper).

Easy fix, once I sensed there was something wrong. And you know, when you make a minor mistake like that, there's always some very earnest student who actually did read the whole paper and meticulously followed directions and documented only the works cited on the final page.

So here's the easy fix, and you figured that out too, I bet. (The hard part is sensing instinctively that something is wrong.)
Don't forget documentation on the final page of the works cited.


So what's on the final page? Documentation!

You'd be surprised, I hope, that there are actually writers (and we've come across them) who are so defensive they argue they MEANT it that way and won't change the misplaced modifier.  (These are the writers editors refuse to work with again.)

Don't be one of those.

And don't all clamor for a glimpse of this fascinating essay. :)


Alicia

Friday, April 8, 2011

Dangling modifiers please!

I'm collecting dangling modifiers again!  The more fun the better.  Can you all contribute examples you find (suitably disguised if you want)?

Here's one I just saw!



John gave her a furious look as she strode forward, eyes raking her face and back.

Dangling modifier, check!
Violent body parts, check!
Impossible physical positioning, check!

Many elements (like "as she strode forward") are portable. We can put that "As" clause at the start of the sentence and get rid of the dangler at least (because then at least it's clearer that it's his eyes doing the raking).

That of course won't fix the murderous body parts, and the fact that her face and back are apparently on the same side of her body. But I'm not a miracle-worker here, people!

Dangling examples, please!

Alicia

Wednesday, July 8, 2009

Kindle ad

I was really, really considering asking for a Kindle (e-reader) for Xmas. Then in the advertisement for said Kindle, I discovered a dangling modifier:

Just over a third of an inch in profile, you'll find Kindle DX fits perfectly in your hands.

The horror, the horror.

Maybe by Christmas, I'll be over this.

You probably think I'm joking.
Alicia

Monday, June 15, 2009

Bliss

This is an example of something I've noticed, that sometimes the better writing takes more time to edit. Complexity of sentences usually reflects complexity of thought, and it's a difficult task to simplify the sentence without simplifying the thought. (These also are writers who care about their sentences and meanings, and sometimes argue with every change. :)

Unlike most nightclubs in Monte-Carlo, there were no bright neon lights flashing above
l’Intrigue’s front door, no unending line of eager faces waiting behind a red velvet rope, and no Lamborghinis and Limousines parked out front.

Located on the very east side of the principality, as a private establishment that catered to vampires and to the mortals who could afford the nightly five-hundred-dollar cover charge, the circumspect brass plate on the front door barely drew the eye.

Grudges and disagreements were settled outside. Owned and operated by a small group of vampires with no clan association, the nightclub was a refuge and a conduit to the immortal grapevine.

I know I said only four sentences, but three paragraphs?

Let me state my bias right here-- I tend to despise one-sentence paragraphs. No, that's true. I like the occasional one-sentence paragraph. Like once a chapter. For emphasis.

More than one paragraph like that, or more than one in a row... tends to annoy. It's like, I don't know, Twitter, with all thoughts diminished to a couple lines. That's going to lead to shallow thinking, I think. Or am I just a Luddite? But if a paragraph is a different unit of meaning than a sentence-- if it's meant to connect thoughts and not just express a thought-- most paragraphs should be more than a sentence long. The point of a paragraph is usually to explore a thought, or to show how thoughts relate, or (in fiction) to narrate thought, dialogue, action related to a small event or realization or decision. That's hard to do in a sentence-- and it should be hard to do in a sentence. Sentences aren't designed to do all that, at least not most of the time. Paragraphs are designed to group ideas and sentences that belong together. Otherwise, you'll have assertions without evidence (which is Not Good for our discourse) and, in fiction, events without cause or effect (Not Good for your story's depth).

Yes, some get around this by making sentences long and paragraphs short-- but that still makes paragraphs irrelevant as a unit of meaning. I'm for paragraphs. I think they're useful. I think they provide continuity and connection. I think they are, in fact, essential to moving beyond mere perception of disparate events and thoughts into actual analysis and exploration. Twitter novels are coming, definitely, but there will also always be a place for thoughts that need development, events that need connection to thought and speech and reaction, text that would benefit from subtext. We do have this technology that allows us to put more than 140 characters (or whatever the heck it is, a tweet, and am I think only one who thinks that sounds scatological?) together, and why not use it? (Really long paragraphs, on the other hand, are an indication that the writer hasn't been able to make discriminating choices of what goes with what. What's a good paragraph length? Whatever the thought/event demands. So different lengths for different moments. There are even moments in a book that call for a one-sentence paragraph, usually at the beginning or end of something.)

So, that given, let's get to the line edit:
Unlike most nightclubs in Monte-Carlo, there were no bright neon lights flashing above l’Intrigue’s front door, no unending line of eager faces waiting behind a red velvet rope, and no Lamborghinis and Limousines parked out front.

The "unlike" is a dangling modifier. It's a little sneaky, as the subject (and ostensible modified noun) is "there", and so not egregious and laughable (as would be, Unlike most nightclubs, she...); however, all danglers, even the minor ones, tend to be an indication of something incoherent in the sentence. And that's true here. There's a double negative (unlike... no...), and so it takes a bit of piecing together to figure out what this nightclub IS rather than just what it's NOT. It will be slightly more understandable if you get rid of the dangler by making the nightclub the subject (meaning "This nightclub is unlike other Monte Carlo nightclubs"):
Unlike most nightclubs in Monte-Carlo, L'Intrigue had no bright neon lights flashing above its front door, no unending line of eager faces waiting behind a red velvet rope, and no Lamborghinis and Limousines parked out front.

Now I can see casting it more in the positive: Most Monte Carlo nightclubs had.... But L'Intrigue ....
That is, maybe say what L'Intrigue actually was-- deserted, unassuming, whatever. That would take at least two sentences, but that's good. :)

But if we're going to keep the negative: This is a long sentence, so the first thing I'd do (after fixing the dangler, which I'm going to do no matter what :), if I couldn't easily make it two, is to see where I could trim. There are a couple adjectives I'd delete-- don't need "bright" if we have "neon," "lights," "flashing". We probably don't need "front" in front of "door" as "front" is immediately repeated ("out front") and the second instance is probably necessarier. (That's not a word? I have such a fuddy-duddy spellcheck.) And "unending" might be overkill. I like the idea of "faces waiting," though I don't think it's really accurate (people can wait-- can faces?). It has that Ezra Pound dehumanization aspect--

The apparition of these faces in the crowd;
Petals on a wet, black bough.

...which amplifies the anonymity of these people waiting in line (who don't exist-- there are no eager faces, no line here).

I'd also trim with Monte Carlo nightclubs rather than nightclubs in Monte Carlo, unless the rhythm suffers. (Rhythm matters. That's how my parents ended up with eight kids. :)

Unless "limousines" is a brand name, it should be lower-cased. Lamborghinis and limos-- I like the alliteration! I'm also thinking that if you want to emphasize the decadence here, you could have and no Lamborghinis and limousines double-parked out front.

Or
and no Lamborghinis and limousines idling out front.


Located on the very east side of the principality, as a private establishment that catered to vampires and to the mortals who could afford the nightly five-hundred-dollar cover charge, the circumspect brass plate on the front door barely drew the eye.

See the problem with many-tentacled sentences-- two long sentences, two dangling modifiers. Well, three, as there are two in this sentence. Danglers jump out at me, so I find them more annoying than most readers probably will. Even if I am hypersensitive, writers should take note: This is the sort of syntax error you want to watch out for if you like long sentences that hook together different syntactical elements.
What is located (past participle)? The nightclub (or its name, or "it"). If you're going to start with "Located," the subject of the sentence should be one of those. (Here's a site to help find and fix dangling modifiers.) And what is "as a private establishment"? Again, the nightclub, and that's good, because both then can be fixed by making "the nightclub" or its name the subject.

However, another danger of the tentacled sentence is burying the lead (okay, reporters, "lede"). Notice that this sentence is all about this nightclub, but the nightclub itself isn't mentioned. Instead, there's just the brass plaque. (I could be argued into agreeing that this subtly amplifies the point that nightclub is so discreet, the brass plaque is all there is to see in the sentence as well as on the street, but the danglers must still be dealt with. I would just then prescribe a scalpel, not a chain saw.)

Is there some reason this all has to be done in one sentence? (I worry that my edict of "four sentences only" led to this. :) Let's break this down into meaning-bites:
The nightclub is located on the east side.
(And Monte Carlo is a principality-- I'm not sure that's needed.)
The nightclub is private.
It caters to vampires and rich mortals.
The cover charge is $500.
There's a brass plate on the front door (presumably with the name).
This plate barely drew the eye (that is, the nightclub is discreet).

Those all seem necessary, don't you think? But let's go with two sentences, or diminish this by trimming.
"Located," like "being," is one of those participles which have no action and thus can almost always be eliminated. The most efficient way to trim a sentence is to diminish participial phrases (which are adjectival in function) to adjectives. So "East side" would be an adjective. And putting that in front of the noun would perforce require the noun, as well as eliminate the dangler.
The east-side club...

There's nothing wrong with starting a sentence with the subject phrase, as long as that's not the only construction you use (and it's not). It's a nice clean contrast to more complex sentence openings, and so the simple SVO (subject-verb-object) sentence should be in your toolkit, and used too. Here's a good place (after and before complex sentences) for a simple sentence.
The east-side club was a private establishment that catered to vampires and to the mortals who could afford the nightly five-hundred-dollar cover charge. The circumspect brass plate on the front door barely drew the eye.
More trimming-- a cover charge is generally charged for a single entrance, so there's little need for "nightly". Okay, maybe there's in-and-out privileges, but really, how much do we care about their door policies? What counts is that it's ridiculously expensive, right? I'd also change "five-hundred-dollars" to the numeral: $500. Let's make this easy for the reader to read, and dollar figures and large numbers are clearest as numerals.

Now I'm assuming vampires don't have to pay? I'm asking because the "to the mortals" implies that they're the ones who have to afford the cover charge. (Caters to vampires. Caters to mortals who can afford.... two groups, only one of whom has to consider the cover charge?) If the vampires also must be able to afford the cover charge, then you need to X the second "to" (and "the") to make the two entities the same weight:
The east-side club was a private establishment that catered to vampires and mortals who could afford the nightly five-hundred-dollar cover charge.
Now that might not be as elegant as you want, but it's good to reduce a sentence to its foundation and make sure it works, and then pretty it up. :)
Grudges and disagreements were settled outside. Owned and operated by a small group of vampires with no clan association, the nightclub was a refuge and a conduit to the immortal grapevine.

I think these sentences need to be flipped, or the first amplified. It seems like you have evidence or example before the guiding principle. That is, you're asserting that this is a refuge from clan conflicts, and the example that shows this is that the grudges are settled outside. So try flipping:
Owned and operated by a small group of vampires with no clan association, the nightclub was a refuge and a conduit to the immortal grapevine. Grudges and disagreements were settled outside.

Don't like to end on a short sentence? Then expand the sentence or add another example. That would add interest anyway. I like the really deadpan attitude-- oh, btw, this is owned by vampires-- that suggests this is a world where vampires are kind of chic. So another example -- maybe that killings are simply not allowed, or whatever-- of a rule that comes from this "refuge" idea would give us more of a glimpse of how civilized and acceptable this all is (simultaneously hinting that vampires are not such peaceable creatures :).
I don't like the "owned and operated" much, though it again has that nice deadpan tone. I think the major problem is that in front-loading the sentence (the element before the comma is at least as long as the one after, the main clause), you might again be hiding the lede. The most important part of the meaning should be (usually) in the main clause, so beware of "Dolly Parton"or "top-heavy" sentences, where the emphasis is on a subordinate element.

(BTW, a clever mystery trick is to embed a clue in a subordinate element-- precisely because we are trained to focus on the main clause as the important element. :)

Finally, "grapevine" as a interconnected communication line is such a common usage, we forget that it is a metaphor. And actual grapevines probably don't have "conduits". (Maybe they do-- I'm the world's worst gardener, and I could be wrong.) It's not a big deal, but it's made bigger because "conduit" is another metaphor here. So you might think through that and see if you can say what you want without the mixed metaphor.

So here it is as one paragraph:
Unlike most nightclubs in Monte-Carlo, L'Intrigue had no neon lights flashing above its door, no line of eager faces waiting behind a red velvet rope, and no Lamborghinis and limousines parked out front. The east-side club was a private establishment that catered to vampires and mortals who could afford the nightly five-hundred-dollar cover charge. Owned and operated by a small group of vampires with no clan association, the nightclub was a refuge and a conduit to the immortal grapevine. Grudges and disagreements were settled outside. (One more sentence here that is more exotic and vampirish.)

I'd probably clean that up so that "club" and "nightclub" aren't repeated so much. Also I'd fix the top-heavy sentence. But that's a paragraph. It states and amplifies or supports an idea, in this case, describing the exclusive nature of the club. A final sentence that succinctly and subtly shows something exotic about this club (vampirish) would tell us we aren't in Kansas anymore and really finish off the paragraph purpose (of sliding us right into this non-ordinary world). Notice that if you go with that, you start the paragraph with a glimpse of what's normal, at least for Monte Carlo, and then quickly narrow into what's beyond-normal (I am being politically correct here-- I wouldn't want to say vampires are ABnormal :). See, that really makes a reason for the paragraph!

Alicia